A block statement is used to group zero or more statements. The block is delimited by a pair of braces ("curly brackets") and contains a list of zero or more statements and declarations.
Why Are There So Many Curly Brackets{} in JavaScript?
Jeszcze inny zapis, od tego który podał @ScriptyChris
fetch("https://restcountries.com/v3.1/name/Poland")
.then(function(res) { return res.json(); })
.then(function(res) { console.log(res[0].translations); })
lub
fetch("https://restcountries.com/v3.1/name/Poland")
.then(returnJSON)
.then(function(res) { console.log(res[0].translations); })
function returnJSON(res) {
return res.json();
}
wspomniany przez Ciebie przykład, można zapisać pomijając klamry
fetch("https://restcountries.com/v3.1/name/Poland")
.then(res => res.json())
.then(res => console.log(res[0].translations))
P.S. 
async function fetch_() {
const res = await fetch("https://restcountries.com/v3.1/name/Poland");
const data = await res.json();
console.log(data[0].translations);
}
fetch_();